"surgical" meaning in All languages combined

See surgical on Wiktionary

Adjective [English]

IPA: /ˈsɜːd͡ʒɪkəl/ [Received-Pronunciation], /ˈsɝd͡ʒɪkəl/ [General-American] Audio: en-us-surgical.ogg [US] Forms: more surgical [comparative], most surgical [superlative]
Etymology: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰes- Proto-Indo-European *-ōr Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰésōr Proto-Graeco-Phrygian *gʰéhr̥ Proto-Hellenic *kʰéhər Ancient Greek χείρ (kheír) Proto-Indo-European *werǵ- Proto-Indo-European *-om Proto-Indo-European *wérǵom Proto-Graeco-Phrygian *wérgon Proto-Hellenic *wérgon Ancient Greek ἔργον (érgon) Ancient Greek -ουργός (-ourgós) Ancient Greek χειρουργός (kheirourgós) Proto-Indo-European *-kos Proto-Hellenic *-kos Ancient Greek -κός (-kós) Ancient Greek -ικός (-ikós) Ancient Greek χειρουργῐκός (kheirourgĭkós)bor. Late Latin chīrurgicus Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- Proto-Indo-European *-is Proto-Indo-European *h₂élisder.? Proto-Italic *-ālis Latin -ālis Medieval Latin cirurgicālisder. Middle French cirurgicalbor. Middle English cirurgicalder. English surgical From Middle English cirurgical, borrowed from Middle French cirurgical, from Medieval Latin cirurgicālis, ultimately from Ancient Greek χειρουργία (kheirourgía), from χείρ (kheír, “hand”) + ἔργον (érgon, “work”). Replaced Old English Old English læċe (“doctor, physician”). By surface analysis, surgery + -ical. Etymology templates: {{etymon|en|:der|enm:cirurgical<ety:bor<frm:cirurgical<ety:der<la-med:cirurgicālis<ety:af<la-lat:chīrurgicus><la:-ālis>>>>>>|tree=1}} Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰes- Proto-Indo-European *-ōr Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰésōr Proto-Graeco-Phrygian *gʰéhr̥ Proto-Hellenic *kʰéhər Ancient Greek χείρ (kheír) Proto-Indo-European *werǵ- Proto-Indo-European *-om Proto-Indo-European *wérǵom Proto-Graeco-Phrygian *wérgon Proto-Hellenic *wérgon Ancient Greek ἔργον (érgon) Ancient Greek -ουργός (-ourgós) Ancient Greek χειρουργός (kheirourgós) Proto-Indo-European *-kos Proto-Hellenic *-kos Ancient Greek -κός (-kós) Ancient Greek -ικός (-ikós) Ancient Greek χειρουργῐκός (kheirourgĭkós)bor. Late Latin chīrurgicus Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- Proto-Indo-European *-is Proto-Indo-European *h₂élisder.? Proto-Italic *-ālis Latin -ālis Medieval Latin cirurgicālisder. Middle French cirurgicalbor. Middle English cirurgicalder. English surgical [Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from", "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "keyword_abbrev" : "bor.", "keyword_label" : "Borrowed from", "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "keyword_abbrev" : "der.", "keyword_label" : "Derived from", "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "keyword_abbrev" : "bor.", "keyword_label" : "Borrowed from", "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "gloss" : "a craftsman, surgeon", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "hand", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "hand", "children" : [ ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*ǵʰes-", "lang" : "ine-pro" }, { "children" : [ ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*-ōr", "status" : "missing", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*ǵʰésōr", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Graeco-Phrygian", "term" : "*gʰéhr̥", "status" : "inline", "lang" : "ine-grp-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Hellenic", "term" : "*kʰéhər", "status" : "inline", "lang" : "grk-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Ancient Greek", "term" : "χείρ", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "grc" }, { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "work", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "to make", "children" : [ ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*werǵ-", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" }, { "terms" : [ { "id" : "nominalizing suffix", "children" : [ ], "status" : "redlink", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*-om", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*wérǵom", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Graeco-Phrygian", "term" : "*wérgon", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "ine-grp-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Hellenic", "term" : "*wérgon", "lang" : "grk-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Ancient Greek", "term" : "ἔργον", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "grc" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "keyword" : "from" } ], "lang_name" : "Ancient Greek", "term" : "-ουργός", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "grc" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "lang_name" : "Ancient Greek", "term" : "χειρουργός", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "grc" }, { "gloss" : "A suffix added to noun stems to form adjectives", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "adjectives", "children" : [ ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*-kos", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Hellenic", "term" : "*-kos", "status" : "inline", "lang" : "grk-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Ancient Greek", "term" : "-κός", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "grc" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "keyword" : "from" } ], "lang_name" : "Ancient Greek", "term" : "-ικός", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "grc" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "lang_name" : "Ancient Greek", "term" : "χειρουργῐκός", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "grc" } ], "keyword" : "bor" } ], "lang_name" : "Late Latin", "term" : "chīrurgicus", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "la-lat" }, { "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "children" : [ { "keyword_abbrev" : "der.", "is_uncertain" : true, "keyword_label" : "Derived from", "terms" : [ { "alt" : "*h₂élis", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "status" : "inline", "children" : [ { "terms" : [ { "id" : "grow", "children" : [ ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*h₂el-", "lang" : "ine-pro" }, { "children" : [ ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*-is", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword" : "derived" } ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Italic", "term" : "*-ālis", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "itc-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Latin", "term" : "-ālis", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "la" } ], "keyword_label" : "From", "is_group" : true, "keyword" : "affix" } ], "lang_name" : "Medieval Latin", "term" : "cirurgicālis", "status" : "inline", "lang" : "la-med" } ], "keyword" : "derived" } ], "lang_name" : "Middle French", "term" : "cirurgical", "status" : "inline", "lang" : "frm" } ], "keyword" : "bor" } ], "lang_name" : "Middle English", "term" : "cirurgical", "status" : "inline", "lang" : "enm" } ], "keyword" : "derived" } ], "lang_name" : "English", "term" : "surgical", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "en" }" data-lang="en" data-title="surgical">, {{der|en|enm|cirurgical}} Middle English cirurgical, {{bor|en|frm|cirurgical}} Middle French cirurgical, {{der|en|la-med|cirurgicālis}} Medieval Latin cirurgicālis, {{der|en|grc|χειρουργία}} Ancient Greek χειρουργία (kheirourgía), {{cog|ang|læċe||doctor, physician}} Old English læċe (“doctor, physician”), {{surf|en|surgery|-ical}} By surface analysis, surgery + -ical Head templates: {{en-adj}} surgical (comparative more surgical, superlative most surgical)
  1. Of, relating to, used in, or resulting from surgery. Synonyms: operative Translations (of or relating to surgery): جِرَاحِيّ (jirāḥiyy) (Arabic), վիրաբուժական (virabužakan) (Armenian), quirúrxicu (Asturian), хирурги́чески (hirurgíčeski) (Bulgarian), quirúrgic (Catalan), chirurgický (Czech), kirurgisk (Danish), ĥirurga (Esperanto), kirurgiline (Estonian), kirurginen (Finnish), chirurgical (French), cirúrxico (Galician), chirurgisch (German), χειρουργικός (cheirourgikós) (Greek), kirurgiala (Ido), bedah (Indonesian), sirurgis (Indonesian), máinliach (Irish), máinliachta (Irish), chirurgico (Italian), hāparapara (Māori), cirurgical (Occitan), chirurgiczny (Polish), cirúrgico (Portuguese), хирурги́ческий (xirurgíčeskij) (Russian), quirúrgico (Spanish), kirurgisk (Swedish), cerrahi (Turkish), хірургі́чний (xirurhíčnyj) (Ukrainian)
    Sense id: en-surgical-en-adj-eT2QVLlA Categories (other): English terms suffixed with -ical Disambiguation of English terms suffixed with -ical: 22 38 40 Disambiguation of 'of or relating to surgery': 100 0 0
  2. (figuratively) Precise or very accurate. Tags: figuratively Translations (precise or very accurate): kirurgisk (Danish), kirurgilise täpsusega (Estonian), väga täpne (Estonian), kirurginen (Finnish), chirurgisch (German), mionchruinn (Irish), críochnúil (Irish), mionchúiseach (Irish), chirurgiczny (Polish), aptekarski (Polish), kirurgisk (Swedish)
    Sense id: en-surgical-en-adj-94c4vSE0 Categories (other): English terms suffixed with -ical Disambiguation of English terms suffixed with -ical: 22 38 40 Disambiguation of 'precise or very accurate': 1 98 1
  3. (figuratively) Excruciatingly or wearyingly drawn-out. Tags: figuratively
    Sense id: en-surgical-en-adj-~3BUn6go Categories (other): English entries with etymology trees, English entries with etymon, English entries with incorrect language header, English terms suffixed with -ical, Entries with translation boxes, Pages using etymon with no ID, Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries, Pages with etymology trees, Pages with etymon, Terms with Arabic translations, Terms with Armenian translations, Terms with Asturian translations, Terms with Bulgarian translations, Terms with Catalan translations, Terms with Czech translations, Terms with Danish translations, Terms with Esperanto translations, Terms with Estonian translations, Terms with Finnish translations, Terms with French translations, Terms with Galician translations, Terms with German translations, Terms with Greek translations, Terms with Ido translations, Terms with Indonesian translations, Terms with Irish translations, Terms with Italian translations, Terms with Māori translations, Terms with Occitan translations, Terms with Polish translations, Terms with Portuguese translations, Terms with Russian translations, Terms with Spanish translations, Terms with Swedish translations, Terms with Turkish translations, Terms with Ukrainian translations Disambiguation of English entries with etymology trees: 11 14 76 Disambiguation of English entries with etymon: 10 12 78 Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 9 20 71 Disambiguation of English terms suffixed with -ical: 22 38 40 Disambiguation of Entries with translation boxes: 12 13 74 Disambiguation of Pages using etymon with no ID: 16 10 74 Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 6 7 88 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 5 5 90 Disambiguation of Pages with etymology trees: 7 8 85 Disambiguation of Pages with etymon: 5 6 89 Disambiguation of Terms with Arabic translations: 12 25 62 Disambiguation of Terms with Armenian translations: 14 21 65 Disambiguation of Terms with Asturian translations: 14 27 59 Disambiguation of Terms with Bulgarian translations: 14 21 65 Disambiguation of Terms with Catalan translations: 14 22 64 Disambiguation of Terms with Czech translations: 14 21 65 Disambiguation of Terms with Danish translations: 6 8 86 Disambiguation of Terms with Esperanto translations: 9 16 75 Disambiguation of Terms with Estonian translations: 14 21 65 Disambiguation of Terms with Finnish translations: 14 20 66 Disambiguation of Terms with French translations: 11 19 70 Disambiguation of Terms with Galician translations: 14 20 66 Disambiguation of Terms with German translations: 14 20 66 Disambiguation of Terms with Greek translations: 12 35 53 Disambiguation of Terms with Ido translations: 8 14 78 Disambiguation of Terms with Indonesian translations: 14 20 66 Disambiguation of Terms with Irish translations: 15 20 66 Disambiguation of Terms with Italian translations: 9 16 75 Disambiguation of Terms with Māori translations: 9 18 73 Disambiguation of Terms with Occitan translations: 14 20 66 Disambiguation of Terms with Polish translations: 14 31 55 Disambiguation of Terms with Portuguese translations: 12 27 61 Disambiguation of Terms with Russian translations: 9 16 75 Disambiguation of Terms with Spanish translations: 7 13 80 Disambiguation of Terms with Swedish translations: 14 20 67 Disambiguation of Terms with Turkish translations: 14 20 67 Disambiguation of Terms with Ukrainian translations: 14 21 65
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated

Alternative forms

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "anatomicosurgical"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "antisurgical"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "cardiosurgical"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "chemosurgical"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "cosmetic surgical"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "craniosurgical"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "cryosurgical"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "cybersurgical"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "dermasurgical"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "electrosurgical"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "extrasurgical"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "immunosurgical"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "intrasurgical"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "liposurgical"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "medicosurgical"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "microsurgical"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "nanosurgical"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "neurosurgical"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "nonsurgical"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "non-surgical"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "oncosurgical"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "otosurgical"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "perisurgical"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "phonosurgical"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "piezosurgical"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "polysurgical"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "postsurgical"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "pre-surgical"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "presurgical"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "proctosurgical"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "psychosurgical"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "radiosurgical"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "rhinosurgical"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "surgical abdomen"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "surgical glove"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "surgical gown"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "surgicalist"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "surgically"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "surgical mask"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "surgical procedure"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "surgical spirit"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "surgical stocking"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "surgical strike"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "surgical tape"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "surgical technologist"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "surgicenter"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "telesurgical"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "unsurgical"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "viscosurgical"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":der",
        "3": "enm:cirurgical<ety:bor<frm:cirurgical<ety:der<la-med:cirurgicālis<ety:af<la-lat:chīrurgicus><la:-ālis>>>>>>",
        "tree": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ǵʰes-\nProto-Indo-European *-ōr\nProto-Indo-European *ǵʰésōr\nProto-Graeco-Phrygian *gʰéhr̥\nProto-Hellenic *kʰéhər\nAncient Greek χείρ (kheír)\nProto-Indo-European *werǵ-\nProto-Indo-European *-om\nProto-Indo-European *wérǵom\nProto-Graeco-Phrygian *wérgon\nProto-Hellenic *wérgon\nAncient Greek ἔργον (érgon)\nAncient Greek -ουργός (-ourgós)\nAncient Greek χειρουργός (kheirourgós)\nProto-Indo-European *-kos\nProto-Hellenic *-kos\nAncient Greek -κός (-kós)\nAncient Greek -ικός (-ikós)\nAncient Greek χειρουργῐκός (kheirourgĭkós)bor.\nLate Latin chīrurgicus\nProto-Indo-European *h₂el-\nProto-Indo-European *-is\nProto-Indo-European *h₂élisder.?\nProto-Italic *-ālis\nLatin -ālis\nMedieval Latin cirurgicālisder.\nMiddle French cirurgicalbor.\nMiddle English cirurgicalder.\nEnglish surgical\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"a craftsman, surgeon\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"hand\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"hand\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*ǵʰes-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-ōr\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*ǵʰésōr\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Graeco-Phrygian\", \"term\" : \"*gʰéhr̥\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-grp-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Hellenic\", \"term\" : \"*kʰéhər\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"grk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"χείρ\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"work\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"to make\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*werǵ-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" }, { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"nominalizing suffix\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"redlink\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-om\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*wérǵom\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Graeco-Phrygian\", \"term\" : \"*wérgon\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-grp-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Hellenic\", \"term\" : \"*wérgon\", \"lang\" : \"grk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"ἔργον\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-ουργός\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"χειρουργός\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"gloss\" : \"A suffix added to noun stems to form adjectives\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"adjectives\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-kos\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Hellenic\", \"term\" : \"*-kos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"grk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-κός\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-ικός\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"χειρουργῐκός\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Late Latin\", \"term\" : \"chīrurgicus\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la-lat\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*h₂élis\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"grow\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*h₂el-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-is\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-ālis\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ālis\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Medieval Latin\", \"term\" : \"cirurgicālis\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"la-med\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle French\", \"term\" : \"cirurgical\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"frm\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"cirurgical\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"surgical\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"surgical\">",
      "name": "etymon"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "cirurgical"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English cirurgical",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "frm",
        "3": "cirurgical"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle French cirurgical",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la-med",
        "3": "cirurgicālis"
      },
      "expansion": "Medieval Latin cirurgicālis",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "grc",
        "3": "χειρουργία"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek χειρουργία (kheirourgía)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "læċe",
        "3": "",
        "4": "doctor, physician"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English læċe (“doctor, physician”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "surgery",
        "3": "-ical"
      },
      "expansion": "By surface analysis, surgery + -ical",
      "name": "surf"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ǵʰes-\nProto-Indo-European *-ōr\nProto-Indo-European *ǵʰésōr\nProto-Graeco-Phrygian *gʰéhr̥\nProto-Hellenic *kʰéhər\nAncient Greek χείρ (kheír)\nProto-Indo-European *werǵ-\nProto-Indo-European *-om\nProto-Indo-European *wérǵom\nProto-Graeco-Phrygian *wérgon\nProto-Hellenic *wérgon\nAncient Greek ἔργον (érgon)\nAncient Greek -ουργός (-ourgós)\nAncient Greek χειρουργός (kheirourgós)\nProto-Indo-European *-kos\nProto-Hellenic *-kos\nAncient Greek -κός (-kós)\nAncient Greek -ικός (-ikós)\nAncient Greek χειρουργῐκός (kheirourgĭkós)bor.\nLate Latin chīrurgicus\nProto-Indo-European *h₂el-\nProto-Indo-European *-is\nProto-Indo-European *h₂élisder.?\nProto-Italic *-ālis\nLatin -ālis\nMedieval Latin cirurgicālisder.\nMiddle French cirurgicalbor.\nMiddle English cirurgicalder.\nEnglish surgical\nFrom Middle English cirurgical, borrowed from Middle French cirurgical, from Medieval Latin cirurgicālis, ultimately from Ancient Greek χειρουργία (kheirourgía), from χείρ (kheír, “hand”) + ἔργον (érgon, “work”). Replaced Old English Old English læċe (“doctor, physician”). By surface analysis, surgery + -ical.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "more surgical",
      "tags": [
        "comparative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "most surgical",
      "tags": [
        "superlative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "surgical (comparative more surgical, superlative most surgical)",
      "name": "en-adj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "22 38 40",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English terms suffixed with -ical",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              109,
              117
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          ],
          "ref": "2013 May-June, Charles T. Ambrose, “Alzheimer’s Disease”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3, archived from the original on 24 Apr 2013, page 200:",
          "text": "Similar studies of rats have employed four different intracranial resorbable, slow sustained release systems—surgical foam, a thermal gel depot, a microcapsule or biodegradable polymer beads.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Of, relating to, used in, or resulting from surgery."
      ],
      "id": "en-surgical-en-adj-eT2QVLlA",
      "links": [
        [
          "surgery",
          "surgery"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "operative"
        }
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0 0",
          "code": "ar",
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "lang_code": "ar",
          "roman": "jirāḥiyy",
          "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
          "word": "جِرَاحِيّ"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0 0",
          "code": "hy",
          "lang": "Armenian",
          "lang_code": "hy",
          "roman": "virabužakan",
          "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
          "word": "վիրաբուժական"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0 0",
          "code": "ast",
          "lang": "Asturian",
          "lang_code": "ast",
          "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
          "word": "quirúrxicu"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0 0",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "lang_code": "bg",
          "roman": "hirurgíčeski",
          "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
          "word": "хирурги́чески"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0 0",
          "code": "ca",
          "lang": "Catalan",
          "lang_code": "ca",
          "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
          "word": "quirúrgic"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0 0",
          "code": "cs",
          "lang": "Czech",
          "lang_code": "cs",
          "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
          "word": "chirurgický"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0 0",
          "code": "da",
          "lang": "Danish",
          "lang_code": "da",
          "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
          "word": "kirurgisk"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0 0",
          "code": "eo",
          "lang": "Esperanto",
          "lang_code": "eo",
          "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
          "word": "ĥirurga"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0 0",
          "code": "et",
          "lang": "Estonian",
          "lang_code": "et",
          "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
          "word": "kirurgiline"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0 0",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "lang_code": "fi",
          "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
          "word": "kirurginen"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0 0",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "lang_code": "fr",
          "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
          "word": "chirurgical"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0 0",
          "code": "gl",
          "lang": "Galician",
          "lang_code": "gl",
          "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
          "word": "cirúrxico"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0 0",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "lang_code": "de",
          "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
          "word": "chirurgisch"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0 0",
          "code": "el",
          "lang": "Greek",
          "lang_code": "el",
          "roman": "cheirourgikós",
          "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
          "word": "χειρουργικός"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0 0",
          "code": "io",
          "lang": "Ido",
          "lang_code": "io",
          "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
          "word": "kirurgiala"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0 0",
          "code": "id",
          "lang": "Indonesian",
          "lang_code": "id",
          "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
          "word": "bedah"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0 0",
          "code": "id",
          "lang": "Indonesian",
          "lang_code": "id",
          "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
          "word": "sirurgis"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0 0",
          "code": "ga",
          "lang": "Irish",
          "lang_code": "ga",
          "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
          "word": "máinliach"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0 0",
          "code": "ga",
          "lang": "Irish",
          "lang_code": "ga",
          "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
          "word": "máinliachta"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0 0",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "lang_code": "it",
          "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
          "word": "chirurgico"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0 0",
          "code": "mi",
          "lang": "Māori",
          "lang_code": "mi",
          "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
          "word": "hāparapara"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0 0",
          "code": "oc",
          "lang": "Occitan",
          "lang_code": "oc",
          "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
          "word": "cirurgical"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0 0",
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "lang_code": "pl",
          "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
          "word": "chirurgiczny"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0 0",
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "lang_code": "pt",
          "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
          "word": "cirúrgico"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0 0",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "lang_code": "ru",
          "roman": "xirurgíčeskij",
          "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
          "word": "хирурги́ческий"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0 0",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "lang_code": "es",
          "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
          "word": "quirúrgico"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0 0",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "lang_code": "sv",
          "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
          "word": "kirurgisk"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0 0",
          "code": "tr",
          "lang": "Turkish",
          "lang_code": "tr",
          "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
          "word": "cerrahi"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "100 0 0",
          "code": "uk",
          "lang": "Ukrainian",
          "lang_code": "uk",
          "roman": "xirurhíčnyj",
          "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
          "word": "хірургі́чний"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "22 38 40",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English terms suffixed with -ical",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
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        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              34,
              42
            ]
          ],
          "text": "The building was destroyed with a surgical air-strike.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Precise or very accurate."
      ],
      "id": "en-surgical-en-adj-94c4vSE0",
      "links": [
        [
          "Precise",
          "precise"
        ],
        [
          "accurate",
          "accurate"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(figuratively) Precise or very accurate."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "figuratively"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "1 98 1",
          "code": "da",
          "lang": "Danish",
          "lang_code": "da",
          "sense": "precise or very accurate",
          "word": "kirurgisk"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "1 98 1",
          "code": "et",
          "lang": "Estonian",
          "lang_code": "et",
          "sense": "precise or very accurate",
          "word": "kirurgilise täpsusega"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "1 98 1",
          "code": "et",
          "lang": "Estonian",
          "lang_code": "et",
          "sense": "precise or very accurate",
          "word": "väga täpne"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "1 98 1",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "lang_code": "fi",
          "sense": "precise or very accurate",
          "word": "kirurginen"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "1 98 1",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "lang_code": "de",
          "sense": "precise or very accurate",
          "word": "chirurgisch"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "1 98 1",
          "code": "ga",
          "lang": "Irish",
          "lang_code": "ga",
          "sense": "precise or very accurate",
          "word": "mionchruinn"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "1 98 1",
          "code": "ga",
          "lang": "Irish",
          "lang_code": "ga",
          "sense": "precise or very accurate",
          "word": "críochnúil"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "1 98 1",
          "code": "ga",
          "lang": "Irish",
          "lang_code": "ga",
          "sense": "precise or very accurate",
          "word": "mionchúiseach"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "1 98 1",
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "lang_code": "pl",
          "sense": "precise or very accurate",
          "word": "chirurgiczny"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "1 98 1",
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "lang_code": "pl",
          "sense": "precise or very accurate",
          "word": "aptekarski"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "1 98 1",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "lang_code": "sv",
          "sense": "precise or very accurate",
          "word": "kirurgisk"
        }
      ]
    },
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          "_dis": "14 20 66",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Occitan translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "14 31 55",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Polish translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "12 27 61",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "9 16 75",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Russian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "7 13 80",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "14 20 67",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "14 20 67",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Turkish translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "14 21 65",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Excruciatingly or wearyingly drawn-out."
      ],
      "id": "en-surgical-en-adj-~3BUn6go",
      "links": [
        [
          "Excruciatingly",
          "excruciatingly"
        ],
        [
          "wearyingly",
          "wearyingly"
        ],
        [
          "drawn-out",
          "drawn-out"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(figuratively) Excruciatingly or wearyingly drawn-out."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "figuratively"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈsɜːd͡ʒɪkəl/",
      "tags": [
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈsɝd͡ʒɪkəl/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ]
    },
    {
      "audio": "en-us-surgical.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/En-us-surgical.ogg/En-us-surgical.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/En-us-surgical.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "surgical"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "English adjectives",
    "English entries with etymology trees",
    "English entries with etymon",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English lemmas",
    "English terms borrowed from Middle French",
    "English terms derived from Ancient Greek",
    "English terms derived from Late Latin",
    "English terms derived from Latin",
    "English terms derived from Medieval Latin",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Middle French",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Graeco-Phrygian",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Hellenic",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Italic",
    "English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂el- (grow)",
    "English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *werǵ-",
    "English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵʰes-",
    "English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *ǵʰésōr",
    "English terms suffixed with -ical",
    "Entries with translation boxes",
    "Pages using etymon with no ID",
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Pages with etymology trees",
    "Pages with etymon",
    "Pages with inline etymon for redlinks",
    "Terms with Arabic translations",
    "Terms with Armenian translations",
    "Terms with Asturian translations",
    "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
    "Terms with Catalan translations",
    "Terms with Czech translations",
    "Terms with Danish translations",
    "Terms with Esperanto translations",
    "Terms with Estonian translations",
    "Terms with Finnish translations",
    "Terms with French translations",
    "Terms with Galician translations",
    "Terms with German translations",
    "Terms with Greek translations",
    "Terms with Ido translations",
    "Terms with Indonesian translations",
    "Terms with Irish translations",
    "Terms with Italian translations",
    "Terms with Māori translations",
    "Terms with Occitan translations",
    "Terms with Polish translations",
    "Terms with Portuguese translations",
    "Terms with Russian translations",
    "Terms with Spanish translations",
    "Terms with Swedish translations",
    "Terms with Turkish translations",
    "Terms with Ukrainian translations"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "anatomicosurgical"
    },
    {
      "word": "antisurgical"
    },
    {
      "word": "cardiosurgical"
    },
    {
      "word": "chemosurgical"
    },
    {
      "word": "cosmetic surgical"
    },
    {
      "word": "craniosurgical"
    },
    {
      "word": "cryosurgical"
    },
    {
      "word": "cybersurgical"
    },
    {
      "word": "dermasurgical"
    },
    {
      "word": "electrosurgical"
    },
    {
      "word": "extrasurgical"
    },
    {
      "word": "immunosurgical"
    },
    {
      "word": "intrasurgical"
    },
    {
      "word": "liposurgical"
    },
    {
      "word": "medicosurgical"
    },
    {
      "word": "microsurgical"
    },
    {
      "word": "nanosurgical"
    },
    {
      "word": "neurosurgical"
    },
    {
      "word": "nonsurgical"
    },
    {
      "word": "non-surgical"
    },
    {
      "word": "oncosurgical"
    },
    {
      "word": "otosurgical"
    },
    {
      "word": "perisurgical"
    },
    {
      "word": "phonosurgical"
    },
    {
      "word": "piezosurgical"
    },
    {
      "word": "polysurgical"
    },
    {
      "word": "postsurgical"
    },
    {
      "word": "pre-surgical"
    },
    {
      "word": "presurgical"
    },
    {
      "word": "proctosurgical"
    },
    {
      "word": "psychosurgical"
    },
    {
      "word": "radiosurgical"
    },
    {
      "word": "rhinosurgical"
    },
    {
      "word": "surgical abdomen"
    },
    {
      "word": "surgical glove"
    },
    {
      "word": "surgical gown"
    },
    {
      "word": "surgicalist"
    },
    {
      "word": "surgically"
    },
    {
      "word": "surgical mask"
    },
    {
      "word": "surgical procedure"
    },
    {
      "word": "surgical spirit"
    },
    {
      "word": "surgical stocking"
    },
    {
      "word": "surgical strike"
    },
    {
      "word": "surgical tape"
    },
    {
      "word": "surgical technologist"
    },
    {
      "word": "surgicenter"
    },
    {
      "word": "telesurgical"
    },
    {
      "word": "unsurgical"
    },
    {
      "word": "viscosurgical"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":der",
        "3": "enm:cirurgical<ety:bor<frm:cirurgical<ety:der<la-med:cirurgicālis<ety:af<la-lat:chīrurgicus><la:-ālis>>>>>>",
        "tree": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ǵʰes-\nProto-Indo-European *-ōr\nProto-Indo-European *ǵʰésōr\nProto-Graeco-Phrygian *gʰéhr̥\nProto-Hellenic *kʰéhər\nAncient Greek χείρ (kheír)\nProto-Indo-European *werǵ-\nProto-Indo-European *-om\nProto-Indo-European *wérǵom\nProto-Graeco-Phrygian *wérgon\nProto-Hellenic *wérgon\nAncient Greek ἔργον (érgon)\nAncient Greek -ουργός (-ourgós)\nAncient Greek χειρουργός (kheirourgós)\nProto-Indo-European *-kos\nProto-Hellenic *-kos\nAncient Greek -κός (-kós)\nAncient Greek -ικός (-ikós)\nAncient Greek χειρουργῐκός (kheirourgĭkós)bor.\nLate Latin chīrurgicus\nProto-Indo-European *h₂el-\nProto-Indo-European *-is\nProto-Indo-European *h₂élisder.?\nProto-Italic *-ālis\nLatin -ālis\nMedieval Latin cirurgicālisder.\nMiddle French cirurgicalbor.\nMiddle English cirurgicalder.\nEnglish surgical\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"a craftsman, surgeon\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"hand\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"hand\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*ǵʰes-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-ōr\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*ǵʰésōr\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Graeco-Phrygian\", \"term\" : \"*gʰéhr̥\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-grp-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Hellenic\", \"term\" : \"*kʰéhər\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"grk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"χείρ\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"work\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"to make\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*werǵ-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" }, { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"nominalizing suffix\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"redlink\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-om\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*wérǵom\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Graeco-Phrygian\", \"term\" : \"*wérgon\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-grp-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Hellenic\", \"term\" : \"*wérgon\", \"lang\" : \"grk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"ἔργον\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-ουργός\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"χειρουργός\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"gloss\" : \"A suffix added to noun stems to form adjectives\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"adjectives\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-kos\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Hellenic\", \"term\" : \"*-kos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"grk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-κός\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-ικός\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"χειρουργῐκός\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Late Latin\", \"term\" : \"chīrurgicus\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la-lat\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*h₂élis\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"grow\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*h₂el-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-is\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-ālis\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ālis\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Medieval Latin\", \"term\" : \"cirurgicālis\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"la-med\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle French\", \"term\" : \"cirurgical\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"frm\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"cirurgical\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"surgical\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"surgical\">",
      "name": "etymon"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "cirurgical"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English cirurgical",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "frm",
        "3": "cirurgical"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle French cirurgical",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la-med",
        "3": "cirurgicālis"
      },
      "expansion": "Medieval Latin cirurgicālis",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "grc",
        "3": "χειρουργία"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek χειρουργία (kheirourgía)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "læċe",
        "3": "",
        "4": "doctor, physician"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English læċe (“doctor, physician”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "surgery",
        "3": "-ical"
      },
      "expansion": "By surface analysis, surgery + -ical",
      "name": "surf"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ǵʰes-\nProto-Indo-European *-ōr\nProto-Indo-European *ǵʰésōr\nProto-Graeco-Phrygian *gʰéhr̥\nProto-Hellenic *kʰéhər\nAncient Greek χείρ (kheír)\nProto-Indo-European *werǵ-\nProto-Indo-European *-om\nProto-Indo-European *wérǵom\nProto-Graeco-Phrygian *wérgon\nProto-Hellenic *wérgon\nAncient Greek ἔργον (érgon)\nAncient Greek -ουργός (-ourgós)\nAncient Greek χειρουργός (kheirourgós)\nProto-Indo-European *-kos\nProto-Hellenic *-kos\nAncient Greek -κός (-kós)\nAncient Greek -ικός (-ikós)\nAncient Greek χειρουργῐκός (kheirourgĭkós)bor.\nLate Latin chīrurgicus\nProto-Indo-European *h₂el-\nProto-Indo-European *-is\nProto-Indo-European *h₂élisder.?\nProto-Italic *-ālis\nLatin -ālis\nMedieval Latin cirurgicālisder.\nMiddle French cirurgicalbor.\nMiddle English cirurgicalder.\nEnglish surgical\nFrom Middle English cirurgical, borrowed from Middle French cirurgical, from Medieval Latin cirurgicālis, ultimately from Ancient Greek χειρουργία (kheirourgía), from χείρ (kheír, “hand”) + ἔργον (érgon, “work”). Replaced Old English Old English læċe (“doctor, physician”). By surface analysis, surgery + -ical.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "more surgical",
      "tags": [
        "comparative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "most surgical",
      "tags": [
        "superlative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "surgical (comparative more surgical, superlative most surgical)",
      "name": "en-adj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              109,
              117
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "2013 May-June, Charles T. Ambrose, “Alzheimer’s Disease”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3, archived from the original on 24 Apr 2013, page 200:",
          "text": "Similar studies of rats have employed four different intracranial resorbable, slow sustained release systems—surgical foam, a thermal gel depot, a microcapsule or biodegradable polymer beads.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Of, relating to, used in, or resulting from surgery."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "surgery",
          "surgery"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "operative"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              34,
              42
            ]
          ],
          "text": "The building was destroyed with a surgical air-strike.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Precise or very accurate."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Precise",
          "precise"
        ],
        [
          "accurate",
          "accurate"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(figuratively) Precise or very accurate."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "figuratively"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Excruciatingly or wearyingly drawn-out."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Excruciatingly",
          "excruciatingly"
        ],
        [
          "wearyingly",
          "wearyingly"
        ],
        [
          "drawn-out",
          "drawn-out"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(figuratively) Excruciatingly or wearyingly drawn-out."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "figuratively"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈsɜːd͡ʒɪkəl/",
      "tags": [
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈsɝd͡ʒɪkəl/",
      "tags": [
        "General-American"
      ]
    },
    {
      "audio": "en-us-surgical.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/En-us-surgical.ogg/En-us-surgical.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/En-us-surgical.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "ar",
      "lang": "Arabic",
      "lang_code": "ar",
      "roman": "jirāḥiyy",
      "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
      "word": "جِرَاحِيّ"
    },
    {
      "code": "hy",
      "lang": "Armenian",
      "lang_code": "hy",
      "roman": "virabužakan",
      "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
      "word": "վիրաբուժական"
    },
    {
      "code": "ast",
      "lang": "Asturian",
      "lang_code": "ast",
      "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
      "word": "quirúrxicu"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "lang_code": "bg",
      "roman": "hirurgíčeski",
      "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
      "word": "хирурги́чески"
    },
    {
      "code": "ca",
      "lang": "Catalan",
      "lang_code": "ca",
      "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
      "word": "quirúrgic"
    },
    {
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "lang_code": "cs",
      "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
      "word": "chirurgický"
    },
    {
      "code": "da",
      "lang": "Danish",
      "lang_code": "da",
      "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
      "word": "kirurgisk"
    },
    {
      "code": "eo",
      "lang": "Esperanto",
      "lang_code": "eo",
      "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
      "word": "ĥirurga"
    },
    {
      "code": "et",
      "lang": "Estonian",
      "lang_code": "et",
      "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
      "word": "kirurgiline"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "lang_code": "fi",
      "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
      "word": "kirurginen"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "lang_code": "fr",
      "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
      "word": "chirurgical"
    },
    {
      "code": "gl",
      "lang": "Galician",
      "lang_code": "gl",
      "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
      "word": "cirúrxico"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "lang_code": "de",
      "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
      "word": "chirurgisch"
    },
    {
      "code": "el",
      "lang": "Greek",
      "lang_code": "el",
      "roman": "cheirourgikós",
      "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
      "word": "χειρουργικός"
    },
    {
      "code": "io",
      "lang": "Ido",
      "lang_code": "io",
      "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
      "word": "kirurgiala"
    },
    {
      "code": "id",
      "lang": "Indonesian",
      "lang_code": "id",
      "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
      "word": "bedah"
    },
    {
      "code": "id",
      "lang": "Indonesian",
      "lang_code": "id",
      "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
      "word": "sirurgis"
    },
    {
      "code": "ga",
      "lang": "Irish",
      "lang_code": "ga",
      "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
      "word": "máinliach"
    },
    {
      "code": "ga",
      "lang": "Irish",
      "lang_code": "ga",
      "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
      "word": "máinliachta"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "lang_code": "it",
      "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
      "word": "chirurgico"
    },
    {
      "code": "mi",
      "lang": "Māori",
      "lang_code": "mi",
      "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
      "word": "hāparapara"
    },
    {
      "code": "oc",
      "lang": "Occitan",
      "lang_code": "oc",
      "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
      "word": "cirurgical"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "lang_code": "pl",
      "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
      "word": "chirurgiczny"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "lang_code": "pt",
      "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
      "word": "cirúrgico"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "lang_code": "ru",
      "roman": "xirurgíčeskij",
      "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
      "word": "хирурги́ческий"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "lang_code": "es",
      "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
      "word": "quirúrgico"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "lang_code": "sv",
      "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
      "word": "kirurgisk"
    },
    {
      "code": "tr",
      "lang": "Turkish",
      "lang_code": "tr",
      "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
      "word": "cerrahi"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "lang_code": "uk",
      "roman": "xirurhíčnyj",
      "sense": "of or relating to surgery",
      "word": "хірургі́чний"
    },
    {
      "code": "da",
      "lang": "Danish",
      "lang_code": "da",
      "sense": "precise or very accurate",
      "word": "kirurgisk"
    },
    {
      "code": "et",
      "lang": "Estonian",
      "lang_code": "et",
      "sense": "precise or very accurate",
      "word": "kirurgilise täpsusega"
    },
    {
      "code": "et",
      "lang": "Estonian",
      "lang_code": "et",
      "sense": "precise or very accurate",
      "word": "väga täpne"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "lang_code": "fi",
      "sense": "precise or very accurate",
      "word": "kirurginen"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "lang_code": "de",
      "sense": "precise or very accurate",
      "word": "chirurgisch"
    },
    {
      "code": "ga",
      "lang": "Irish",
      "lang_code": "ga",
      "sense": "precise or very accurate",
      "word": "mionchruinn"
    },
    {
      "code": "ga",
      "lang": "Irish",
      "lang_code": "ga",
      "sense": "precise or very accurate",
      "word": "críochnúil"
    },
    {
      "code": "ga",
      "lang": "Irish",
      "lang_code": "ga",
      "sense": "precise or very accurate",
      "word": "mionchúiseach"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "lang_code": "pl",
      "sense": "precise or very accurate",
      "word": "chirurgiczny"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "lang_code": "pl",
      "sense": "precise or very accurate",
      "word": "aptekarski"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "lang_code": "sv",
      "sense": "precise or very accurate",
      "word": "kirurgisk"
    }
  ],
  "word": "surgical"
}

Download raw JSONL data for surgical meaning in All languages combined (19.3kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-08-28 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-08-05 using wiktextract (872fc7b and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.